Spine

In this cohort, dogs undergoing multiple VSD had a good postoperative outcome.

This technique shows a moderate incidence of minor and major complications.

The rate of onset of signs does not influence the outcomes.

Minimally invasive spine surgery is a valid surgical technique to access the thoracolumbar vertebral canal.

The surgeon's perception of adequate decompression may be less reliable than postoperative MRI findings.

Our study suggests that strategies targeting pathological changes in IVD innervation and inflammation might be useful therapeutically.

This illustrates the importance of checking the vertebral canal after fenestration of an extruded intervertebral disc.

Cervical spondylomyelopathy should be a differential diagnosis for GSDs with ataxia, paresis, or signs of cervical hyperesthesia.

Three-dimensionally printed patient-specific drill guides are a safe and effective method of placing pedicle screws in dogs with thoracolumbar vertebral malformations.

Atlantoaxial instability can be objectively diagnosed in sedated or anesthetized toy breed dogs when applying 51° flexion to cervical radiographs.